Bhangu, AneelAdemuyiwa, Adesoji O.Aguilera, Maria LorenaAlexander, PhilipAl-Saqqa, Sara W.Borda-Luque, GiulianoCostas-Chavarri, AinhoaDrake, Thomas M.Ntirenganya, FaustinFitzgerald, J. EdwardFergusson, Stuart J.Glasbey, JamesIngabire, J. C. AllenIsmail, LawaniSalem, Hosni KhairyKojo, Anyomih Theophilus TeddyLapitan, Marie CarmelaLilford, RichardMihaljevic, Andre L.Morton, DionMutabazi, Alphonse ZetaNepogodiev, DmitriAdisa, Adewale O.Ots, RiinuPata, FrancescoPinkney, ThomasPoskus, TomasQureshi, Ahmad UzairRamos-De la Medina, AntonioRayne, SarahShaw, Catherine A.Shu, SebastianSpence, RichardSmart, NeilTabiri, StephenHarrison, Ewen M.Bhangu, AnnaHarrison, Ewen M.Verjee, AzminaRunigamugabo, EmmyKhatri, ChetanMohan, MidhunDrake, Thomas M.Glasbey, JamesNepogodiev, DmitriShaw, Catherine A.Jaffry, ZahraFergusson, Stuart J.Pata, FrancescoAdemuyiwa, Adesoji O.Altamini, AfnanSalem, Hosni KhairyKirby, AndrewSoreide, KjetilRecinos, GustavoSpence, RichardRayne, SarahTabiri, StephenCornick, JenPinkney, ThomasLilford, RichardFitzgerald, J. EdwardHarrison, Ewen M.Bhangu, AneelModolo, Maria MartaIyer, DushyantKing, SebastianArthur, TomNahar, Sayeda NazmumWaterman, AdeIsmail, LawaniWalsh, MichaelAgarwal, ArnavZani, AugustoFirdouse, MohammedRouse, TylerLiu, QinyangCorrea, Juan CamiloSalem, Hosni KhairyTalving, PeepWorku, MengistuArnaud, AlexisTabiri, StephenKalles, VassilisAguilera, Maria LorenaRecinos, GustavoKumar, BasantKumar, SunilAmandito, RadhianQuek, RoyPata, FrancescoAnsaloni, LucaAltibi, AhmedVenskutonis, DonatasZilinskas, JustasPoskus, TomasWhitaker, JohnMsosa, VanessaTew, Yong YongFarrugia, AlexiaBorg, ElaineRamos-De la Medina, AntonioBentounsi, ZinebGala, TanzeelaAl-Slaibi, IbrahimTahboub, HayaAlser, Osaid H.Romani, DiegoShu, SebestianMajor, PiotrMironescu, AurelBratu, MateiKourdouli, AmarNdajiwo, AliyuAltwijri, AbdulazizAlsaggaf, Mohammed UbaidGudal, AhmadJubran, Al FaifiSeisay, SamLieske, BettinaRayne, SarahSpence, RichardOrtega, IreneJeyakumar, JenifaSenanayake, Kithsiri J.Abdulbagi, OmarCengiz, YucelRaptis, DmitriAltinel, YukselKong, ChiaTeasdale, EllaIrwin, GarethStoddart, MichaelKabariti, RakanSuresh, SukritGash, KatherineNarayanan, RagavanMaimbo, MayabaGrizhja, BesmirYmeri, ShpetimGaliqi, GezimKlappenbach, RobertoAntezana, DiegoBeleno, Alvaro Enrique MendozaCosta, CeciliaSanchez, BelenAviles, SusanModolo, Maria MartaFermani, Claudio GabrielBalmaceda, RubenVillalobos, SantiagoCarmona, Juan ManuelHamill, DanielDeutschmann, PeterSandler, SimoneCox, DanielNataraja, RamSharpin, ClaireLjuhar, DamirGray, DemiHaines, MorganIyer, DushNiranjan, NithyaD'Amours, ScottAshtari, MorvaridFranco, HelenaMitul, Ashrarur RahmanKarim, SabbirAman, Nowrin F.Estee, Mahnuma MahfuzSalma, UmmeRazzaque, JoyetaKanta, Tasnia HamidTori, Sayeeda AktarAlamin, ShadidRoy, SwapnilAl Amin, ShadidKarim, RezaulHaque, MuhtarimaFaruq, AmreenIftekhar, FarhanaO'Shea, MargaretPadmore, GregJonnalagadda, RameshLitvin, AndreyFilatau, AliaksandrPaulouski, DzmitryShubianok, MarynaShachykava, TatsianaKhokha, DzianisKhokha, VladimirDjivoh, FernandeIsmail, LawaniDossou, FrancisSeto, Djifid MorelGbessi, Dansou GaspardNoukpozounkou, BrunoSouaibou, Yacoubou ImorouKeke, Kpemahouton ReneHodonou, FredAhounou, Ernest Yemalin StephaneAlihonou, ThierryDenakpo, MaxAhlonsou, GermainBedada, Alemayehu GinboNsengiyumva, CarlosKwizera, SandrineBarendegere, VenerandChoi, PhilipStock, SimonJamal, LuaiFirdouse, MohammedZani, AugustoAzzie, GeorgesKushwaha, SameerAgarwal, ArnavChen, Tzu-LingYip, ChingwanMontes, IreneZapata, FelipeSierra, SebastianLanau, Maria Isabel VillegasArango, Maria Clara MendozaRestrepo, Ivan MendozaGiraldo, Ruben Santiago RestrepoDomini, EdgarKarlo, RobertMihanovic, JakovYoussef, MohamedElfeki, HossamThabet, WaleedSanad, AlyTawfik, GehadZaki, AhmedAbdel-Hameed, NoranMostafa, MohamedOmar, Muhammad Fathi WaleedGhanem, AhmedAbdallah, EmadDenewar, AdelEmara, EmanRashad, EmanSakr, AhmadElashry, RehabEmile, SamehKhafagy, ToqaElhamouly, SaraElfarargy, ArwaMohamed, Amna MamdouhNagy, Ghada SaiedEsam, AbeerElwy, EmanHammad, AyaKhallaf, SalwaIbrahim, EmanSaidbadr, AhmedMoustafa, AhmedMohammed, Amany EldosoukyElgheriany, MohammedAbdelmageed, EmanAl Raouf, Eman AbdElbanby, Esraa SamirElmasry, MahaFarahat, Mahitab MorsyMansor, Eman YahyaHegazy, Eman MagdyGamal, EsraaGamal, HebaKandil, HendAbdelrouf, Doaa MaherMoaty, MohamedGamal, DinaEl-Sagheer, NadaSalah, MohamedMagdy, SalmaSalah, AsmaaEssam, AhmedAli, AhmedBadawy, MahmoudAhmed, SaraMohamed, MazedAssal, AbdelrahmanSleem, MohamedEbidy, MaiElrazek, Aly AbdZahran, DiaaaldinAdam, NourhanNazir, MohamedHassanein, Adel B.Ismail, AhmedElsawy, AmiraMamdouh, RanaMabrouk, MohamedAhmed, Lopna Ahmed MohamedAlnaby, Mohamed HassabMagdy, EmanAbd-Elmawla, ManarFahim, MarwanMowafy, BassantMahmoud, Moustafa IbrahimAllam, MeranAlkelani, MuhammadEl Gendy, Noran HalimAboul-Naga, Mariam SaadEl-Din, Reham AlaaElgendy, Alyaa HalimIsmail, MohamedShalaby, MahmoudElsharkawy, Aya AdelMoghazy, Mahmoud ElsayedElbisomy, Khaled HeshamShakshouk, Hend Adel GawadHamed, Mohamed FouadEbidy, Mai MohamedAbdelkader, MostafaKarkeet, MohamedAhmed, HayamAdel, IsraaOmar, Mohammad ElsayedIbrahim, MohamedGhoneim, OmarHesham, OmarGamal, ShimaaHilal, KarimArafa, OmarAwad, Sawsan AdelSalem, MenatallaElsherif, Fawzia AbdellatifElsabbagh, NourhanAboelsoud, Moustafa R.Rida, Ahmed Hossam Eldin FouadHossameldin, AmrHany, EtharAsar, Yomna HosnyAnwar, NourhanGadelkarim, MohamedAbdelhady, SamarMorshedy, Eman MohamedSaad, RehamSoliman, NourhanSalama, MahmoudEzzat, EslamMohamed, ArwaIbrahim, ArwaFergany, AlaaMohammed, SaraReda, AyaAllam, YomnaSaad, Hanan AdelAbdelfatah, AfnanFathy, Aya MohamedEl-Sehily, AhmedKasem, Esraa AbdalmageedHassan, Ahmed Tarek AbdelbasetMohammed, Ahmed RabeihSaad, Abdalla GamalElfouly, YasminElfouly, NesmaIbrahim, ArijHassaan, AmrMohammed, Mustafa MohammedElhoseny, GhadaMagdy, MohamedAbd Elkhalek, EsraaZakaria, YehiaEzzat, TarekEl Dahab, Ali AboKelany, MohamedArafa, SaraHassan, Osama Mokhtar MohamedBadwi, Nermin MohamedSleem, Ahmad SaberAhmed, HussienAbdelbadeai, KholoudAbdullah, Mohamed AbozedLokman, Muhammad Amsyar AuniBahar, SurayaAbdelazeam, Anan RadyAdelshone, AbdelrahmanBin Hasnan, MuhammadZulkifli, AthirahKamarulzamil, Siti Nur AliaElhendawy, AbdelazizLatif, AliangBin Adnan, AhmadShaharuddin, ShahadatulMajid, Aminah Hanum Haji AbdulAmreia, MahmoudAl-Marakby, DinaSalma, MahmoudBin Ismail, Mohamad JeffreyBasir, Elissa Rifhan MohdAli, Citra Dewi MohdAta, Aya YehiaNasr, MahaRezq, AsmaaSheta, AhmedTariq, SherifSallam, Abd ElkhalekDarwish, Abdelrhman K. Z.Elmihy, SohailaElhadry, ShadyFarag, AhmedHajeh, HaidarAbdelaal, AbdelazizAglan, AmroZohair, AhmedEssam, MahitabMoussa, OmarEl-Gizawy, EsraaSamy, MostafaAli, SafiaElhalawany, EsraaAta, AhmedEl Halawany, MohamedNashat, MohamedSoliman, SamarElazab, AlaaSamy, MostadaAbdelaziz, Mohamed A.Ibrahim, KhaledIbrahim, Ahmed MohamedGado, AmmarHantour, UsamaEldeen, Esraa Almloaloa, Mohamed RedaAbouzaid, ArwaEldin, Mostafa Ahmed BahaaHashad, EmanSroor, FathyGamil, DoaaAbdulhakeem, Eman MahmoudZakaria, MahmoudMohamed, FawzyAbubakr, MarwanAli, ElsayedMagdy, HeshamRamadan, Menna TallahMohamed, Mohamed AbdelatyMansour, SalmaAmin, Hager Abdul AzizMohamed, Ahmed RabieSaami, MahmoudElsayed, Nada Ahmed RedaTarek, AdhamMahmoud, Sabry Mohy EldeenEl Sayed, Islam MagdyReda, AmiraShawky, Martina YusufSalem, Mohammed MousaEl-Din, Shahinaz AlaaSoliman, Noha AbdullahTalaat, MuhammedAlaaelDein, ShahinazElhusseiny, Ahmed Abd ElmoenAbdullah, NohaElshaar, MohammedIbraheem, Aya AbdelFatahAbdulaziz, HagerIsmail, Mohammed KamalMadkor, Mona HamdyAbdelaty, MohamedAbdel-Kader, Sara MahmoudSalah, Osama MohamedEldafrawy, MahmoudEldeeb, Ahmed ZakiEid, Mostafa MahmoudAttia, AttiaEl-Dien, Khalid SalahShwky, AymanBadenjki, Mohamed AdelSoliman, AbdelrahmanAl Attar, Samaa MahmoudSayed, FarragSabour, Fahd AbdelAzizeldine, Mohammed G.Shawqi, MuhammadHashim, AbdullahAamer, AhmedAbdelraouf, Ahmed MahmoudAbdelshakour, MahmoudIbrahim, AmalMahmoud, BasmaMahmoud, Mohamed AliQenawy, MostafaRashed, Ahmed M.Dahy, AhmedSayed, MarwaShamsedine, Ahmed W.Mohamed, BakeerHasan, AhmadSaad, Mahmoud M.Bassit, Khalil AbdulAbd El-Latif, Nadia KhalidElzahed, NadaEl Kashash, AhmedBekhet, Nada MohamedHafez, SarahGad, AhmedMaher, Mahmoud ElkhadragyElsameea, Ahmed AbdHafez, MohamedSabe, AhmadAhmed, AtaaShahine, AhmedDawood, KhaledGaafar, ShireenHusseiny, ReemAboelmagd, OmniaSoliman, AhmedMesbah, NourhanEmadeldin, HossamAl Meligy, AmgadBekhet, Amira HassanHasan, DoaaAlhady, KhaledSabe, Ahmad KhaledElnajjar, Mahmoud A.Aboelella, MajedHamsho, WardHassan, IhabSaad, HalaAbdelazim, GalaleldinMahmoud, HendWael, NohaKandil, Ahmedali M.Magdy, AhmedElkholy, Shimaa SaidAdel, Badr EldinDabbour, KareemElsherbiney, SagedMattar, OmarAbdrabou, Abdulshafi KhaledAly, Mohammed Yahia MohamedGeuoshy, AbdelrahmanElnagar, AhmedglalAhmed, SaraibrahimAbdelmotaleb, IbrahemSaleh, Amr AhmedSaeed, ManarMahmoud, ShadyTawfik, Badreldin AdelIsmail, Samar AdelZakaria, EsraayGad, Mariam O.Elhelbawy, Mohamed SalahBassem, MonicaMaraie, NohaElhadary, Nourhan MedhatSemeda, NourhanMohamed, Shaza RabieBakry, Hesham MohammedEssam, A. A.Tarek, DinaAshour, KhloodElhadad, AlaaAbdel-Aty, AbdulrahmanRakha, IbrahimMatter, Sara MamdouhAbdelhamed, RashaAbdelkader, OmarHassaan, AyatSoliman, YasminMohamed, AmnaGhanem, SaraFarouk, Sara Amr MohamedIbrahim, Eman MohamedEl-Taher, EsraaMostafa, MernaBadr, Mohamed Fawzy MahrousElsemelawy, RofidaEl-Sawy, AyaBakr, AhmadAl Rafati, Ahmad Abdel RazaqSaar, StenReinsoo, ArvoTalving, PeepSeyoum, NebyouWorku, TewodrosFitsum, AgaziTolonen, MattiLeppaniemi, AriSallinen, VilleParmentier, BenoitPeycelon, MatthieuIrtan, SabineDardenne, SabrinaRobert, ElsaMaillot, BettyCourboin, EtienneArnaud, Alexis PierreHascoet, JulietteAbbo, OlivierKaci, Amir AitPrudhomme, ThomasBallouhey, QuentinGrosos, CelineFourcade, LaurentCecilia, TolgJean-Francois, ColombaniHelene, Francois-CoridonDelforge, XavierHaraux, ElodieDousset, BertrandSchiavone, RobertoGaujoux, SebastienMarret, Jean-BaptisteHaffreingue, AuroreRod, JulienRenaux-Petel, MarietteLecompte, Jean-FrancoisBreaud, JeanGastaldi, PaulineTaieb, ChouikhClaire, RaquilletAnis, EchaiebBustangi, NasirLopez, ManuelScalabre, AurelienBustangi, NasirLopez, ManuelScalabre, AurelienGrella, Maria GiovannaMariani, AuroraPodevin, GuillaumeSchmitt, FrancoiseHervieux, ErikBroch, AlineMuller, CecileTabiri, StephenKojo, Anyomih Theophilus TeddyBandoh, DicksonAbantanga, FrancisKyereh, MartinAsumah, HamzaAppiah, Eric KofiWondoh, PaulGyedu, AdamDally, CharlesAgbedinu, KwabenaAmoah, MichaelYifieyeh, AbiboyeOwusu, FrankAmoako-Boateng, MabelDayie, MakafuiHagan, RichmondDebrah, SamOhene-Yeboah, MichealClegg-Lampety, Joe-NatEtwire, VictorDakubo, JonathanEssoun, SamuelBonney, WilliamGlover-Addy, HopeOsei-Nketiah, SamuelAmoako, JoachimAdu-Aryee, NiiarmahAppeadu-Mensah, WilliamBediakoBowan, AntoinetteDedey, FlorenceYakubu, MusahKordorwu, Hope Edem KofiAsare-Bediako, KwasiTackie, EnochAaniana, KennethAcquah, EmmanuelOpoku-Agyeman, RichardAvoka, AnthonyKusi, KwasiMaison, KwameGyamfi, Frank EnochBarnabas, Gandau NaaAbdul-Latif, SaibaAmoako, Philip TaahDavor, AnthonyDassah, VictorDagoe, EnochKwakyeafriyie, PrinceAkoto, ElliotAckom, EricMensah, EkowAtkins, Ebenezer TakyiCoompson, Christian LariIvros, NikolaosFerousis, ChristoforosKalles, VasileiosAgalianos, ChristosKyriazanos, IoannisBarkolias, ChristosTselos, AngelosTzikos, GeorgiosVoulgaris, EvangelosLytras, DimitriosBamicha, AthanasiaPsarianos, KyriakosStefanopoulos, AnastasiosPatoulias, IoannisSfougaris, DimitriosValioulis, IoannisBalalis, DimitriosKorkolis, DimitriosManatakis, Dimitrios K.Kyrou, GeorgiosKarabelias, GeorgiosPapaskarlatos, IasonAntoniosKonstantina, KoloniaZampitis, NikolaosGermanos, StylianosPapailia, AspasiaTheodosopoulos, TheodosiosGkiokas, GeorgiosMitroudi, MagdaliniPanteli, ChristinaFeidantsis, ThomasKyziridis, DimitriosIoannidis, OrestisParpoudi, StylianiGemenetzis, GeorgiosParasyris, StavrosAnthoulakis, ChristosNikoloudis, NikolaosMargaritis, MichailAguilera-Arevalo, Maria-LorenaCoyoy-Gaitan, OttoRosales, JavierTale, LuisSoley, RafaelBarrios, EmmanuelTorres Rodriguez, Servio TulioPaz Galvez, CarlosHerrera Cruz, DaniloSanchez Rosenberg, GuillermoMatheu, AlejandroMonterroso Cohen, DavidPaul, MarieCharles, AngelineLam, Justin Chak YiuYeung, Man Hon AndrewFok, Chi Ying JacquelynLi, Ka Hin GabrielLai, Anthony Chuk-HimCheung, Yuk Hong EricWong, Hong YeeLeung, Ka WaiLee, Tien Seng BryanLam, Wai HimDao, WeiheiKwok, Stephanie Hiu-waiChan, Tsz-Yan KatieNg, Yung KokMak, T. W. C.Liu, QinyangFoo, Chi ChungYang, JamesKumar, BasantBhatnagar, AnkurUpadhyaya, VijaidKumar, SunilMuddebihal, UdayDar, WasimJanardha, K. C.Alexander, PhilipAruldas, NeeravAdella, Fidelis JacklynRulie, Anthonius SantosoIskandar, FerdySetiawan, JonnyEvajelista, Cicilia VianyNatalie, HaniSuyadi, ArlindawatiGunawan, RudyKarismaningtyas, HerlinMata, Lusi Padma SulistianingsihAndika, Ferry Fitriya AyuHasanah, AfifatunWidiastini, T. ArianiPurwaningsih, Nurlaila AyuMukin, Annisa Dewi FitrianaRahmah, Dina FaizaturNurqistan, Hazmi DwinandaArsyad, Hasbi MaulanaAdhitama, NoviaJeo, Wifanto SadityaSutandi, NathaniaClarissa, AudreyGultom, Phebe AnggitaBilly, MatthewHaloho, AndreassAmandito, RadhianJohanna, NadyaLee, FelixDorani, Radin Mohd Nurrahman RadinGlynn, MarthaAlherz, MohammadGoh, WennweoiShiwani, Haaris A.Sproule, LorraineConlon, Kevin C.Bala, MikloshKedar, AsafTurati, LucaBianco, FedericaSteccanella, FrancescaGallo, GaetanoTrompetto, MarioClerico, GiuseppePapandrea, MatteoSammarco, GiuseppeSacco, RosarioBenevento, AngeloPata, FrancescoGiavarini, LuisaGiglio, Mariano CesareBucci, LuigiPagano, GianlucaSollazzo, VivianaPeltrini, RobertoLuglio, GaetanoBirindelli, AriannaDi Saverio, SalomoneTugnoli, GregorioPaludi, Miguel AngelMingrone, PietroPata, DomenicaSelvaggi, FrancescoSelvaggi, LucioPellino, GianlucaDi Martino, NataleCurletti, GianlucaAonzo, PaoloGalleano, RaffaeleBerti, StefanoFrancone, ElisaBoni, SilviaLorenzon, Lauralo Conte, AnnalisaBalducci, GenoveffaConfalonieri, GianmariaPesenti, GiovanniGavagna, LauraVasquez, GiorgioTarga, SimoneOcchionorelli, SavinoAndreotti, DarioPata, GiacomoArmellini, AndreaChiesa, DeborahAquilino, FabrizioChetta, NicolaPicciariello, ArcangeloAbdelkhalek, MohamedBelli, AndreaDe Franciscis, SilviaBigaran, AnnamariaFavero, AlessandroBasso, Stefano M. M.Salusso, PaolaPerino, MartinaMochet, SylvieSasia, DiegoRiente, FrancescoMigliore, MarcoMerlini, DavidBasilico, SilviaCorbellini, CarloLazzari, VeronicaMacchitella, YuriBonavina, LuigiAngelieri, DanieleColetta, DiegoFalaschi, FedericaCatani, MarcoReali, ClaudiaMalavenda, MariastellaDel Basso, CelesteRibaldi, SergioColetti, MassimoNatili, AndreaDepalma, NormaIannone, ImmacolataAntoniozzi, AngeloRossi, DavideGui, DanielePerrotta, GerardoRipa, MatteoGiardino, Francesco RubenFoco, MaurizioVicario, ErikaCoccolini, FedericoAnsaloni, LucaNita, Gabriela ElisaLeone, NicolettaBondurri, AndreaMaffioli, AnnaSimioni, AndreaDe Boni, DavidePasquali, SandroGoldin, ElenaVendramin, ElenaCiccioli, EleonoraTedeschi, UmbertoBortolasi, LucaVioli, PaolaCampagnaro, TommasoConci, SimoneLazzari, GiovanniIacono, CalogeroGulielmi, AlfredoManfreda, SerenaRinaldi, AnnaRingressi, Maria NovellaBrunoni, BeatriceSalamone, GiuseppeMangiapane, MirkoDe Marco, PaolinoLa Brocca, AntonellaTutino, RobertaSilvestri, VaniaLicari, LeoFontana, TommasoFalco, NicoloCocorullo, GianfrancoShalaby, MostafaSileri, PierpaoloArcudi, ClaudioBsisu, IsamAljboor, KhaledAbusalem, LanaAlnusairat, AseelQaissieh, AhmadAl-Dakka, EmadAbabneh, AliHalhouli, OdayYusufali, TahaMohammed, HusseinLando, JustusParker, RobertNdegwa, WairimuJokubauskas, MantasGribauskaite, JolantaVenskutonis, DonatasKuliavas, JustasDulskas, AudriusSamalavicius, Narimantas E.Jasaitis, KristijonasParseliunas, AudriusNevieraite, ViktorijaMontrimaite, MargaritaSlapelyte, EvelinaDainius, EdvinasRiauka, RomualdasDambrauskas, ZilvinasSubocius, AndrejusVenclauskas, LinasGulbinas, AntanasBradulskis, SauliusKasputyte, SimonaMikuckyte, DeimanteKiudelis, MindaugasZilinskas, JustasJankus, TomasPetrikenas, SteponasPazuskis, MatasUrniezius, ZigmantasVilcinskas, MantasBanaitis, Vincas JonasGaizauskas, VytautasGrisin, EdvardMazrimas, PovilasRackauskas, RokasDrungilas, MantasLagunavicius, KarolisLipnickas, VytautasMajauskyte, DovileJotautas, ValdemarasAbaliksta, TomasUscinas, LaimonasSimutis, GintarasLadukas, AdomasDanys, DonatasLaugzemys, ErikasMikalauskas, SauliusPoskus, TomasSruogiene, Elena ZdanyteVisinskas, PetrasZilinskiene, RedaDragatas, DeividasBurmistrovas, AndriusTverskis, ZygimantasVaicius, ArturasMazelyte, RutaZadoroznas, AntanasKaselis, NerijusZiubryte, GretaRahantasoa, Finaritra Casimir Fleur PrudenceSamison, Luc HerveRasoaherinomenjanahary, FanjandrainyTolotra, Todisoa Emmanuella ChristinaMukuzunga, CorneliusMsosa, VanessaKwatiwani, ChimwemweMsiska, NelsonChai, Feng YihAsilah, Siti Mohd DesaSyibrah, Khuzaimah ZahidChin, Pui XinSalleh, AfizahRiswan, Nur ZulaikaRoslani, April CamillaChong, Hoong-YinAziz, Nora AbdulPoh, Keat-SeongChai, Chu-AnnKumar, SandipTaher, Mustafa MohammedKosai, Nik RitzaAziz, Dayang Nita AbdulRajan, ReynuJulaihi, RokayahJethwani, Durvesh LacthmanYahaya, Muhammad TaqiyuddinAbdullah, Nik Azim NikMathew, Susan WndyChung, Kuet JunNirumal, Milaksh KumarTze, R. Goh ErnAli, Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee WanGan, Yiing YeeTing, Jesse Ron SwireSii, Samuel S. Y.Koay, Kean LeongTan, Yi KoonCheah, Alvin Ee ZhiunWong, Chui YeeMat, Tuan Nur'Azmah TuanChow, Crystal Yern NeeHar, Prisca A. L.Der, YishanTew, Yong YongHenry, FitjeraldLow, XinweiNeo, Ya ThengHeng, Hian EeKong, Shu NingGan, CheeweiMok, Yi TingTan, Yee WenPalayan, KandasamiTata, Mahadevan DevaCheong, Yih JengGunaseelan, KuhaendranNasir, Wan Nurul Ain Wan MohdYoganathan, PigeneswarenLee, Eu XianSaw, Jian ErYeang, Li JingKoh, Pei YingLim, Shyang YeeTeo, Shuang YiGrech, NicoleMagri, DanielaCassar, KristinaMizzi, ChristineFalzon, MalcolmShaikh, NihaalScicluna, RuthZammit, StefanBorg, ElaineMizzi, SeanBrincat, Svetlana DorisTembo, ThelmaLe, Vu Thanh HienGrima, TaraSammut, KeithCarabott, KurtFarrugia, AlexiaZarb, CiskjeNavarro, AndreDimech, TheaCamilleri, Georgette MarieBertuello, IsaacDalli, JeffreyBonavia, KarlCorro-Diaz, SamanthaManriquez-Reyes, MarisolRamos-De la Medina, AntonioAbdelhamid, AminaHrora, AbdelmalekBenammi, SarahBachri, HoudaAbbouch, MeryemBoukhal, KhaoulaBennai, Redouane MammarBelkouchi, AbdelkaderJabal, Mohamed SobhiBenyaiche, ChaymaeVermaas, MaartenDuinhouwer, LuciaPastora, JavierWood, GretaSoledad Merlo, MariaAjao, AkinlabiAyandipo, OmobolajiLawal, TaiwoAbdurrazzaaq, AbdussemiuAlada, MuslimatNasir, AbdulrasheedAdeniran, JamesHabeeb, OlufemiPopoola, AdemolaAdeyeye, AdemolaAdebanjo, AdemolaAdesanya, OpeoluwaAdeniyi, AdewaleMendel, HenryBello, BashirMuktar, UmarOsinowo, AdedapoOlajide, Thomas OlagboyegaOshati, OyindamolaIhediwa, GeorgeAdenekan, BabajideNwinee, VictorAlakaloko, FelixAdemuyiwa, AdesojiElebute, OlumideLawal, AbdulrazzaqBode, ChrisOlugbemi, MojolaoluwaAdesina, AlabaFaturoti, OlubukolaOdutola, OluwatomiAdebola, OluwaseyiOnuoha, ClementTaiwo, OgechukwuWilliams, OmolaraBalogun, FataiAjai, OlalekanOludara, MobolajiNjokanma, IlobaOsuoji, RolandKache, StephenAjah, JonathanMakama, JerryAdamu, AhmedBaba, SuleimanAliyu, MohammadAliyu, ShamsudeenUkwenya, YahayaAliyu, HalimaSholadoye, TundeDaniyan, MuhammadOgunsua, OluseyiAnyanwu, Lofty-JohnSheshe, AbdurrahamanMohammad, AminuOlori, SamsonMshelbwala, PhilipOdeyemi, BabatundeSamson, GarbaTimothy, Oyediran KehindeSamuel, Sani AliAjiboye, AnthonyAdeyeye, AdemolaAmole, IsaacAbiola, OlajideOlaolorun, AkinSoreide, KjetilVeen, TorhildKanani, ArezoStyles, KristianHerikstad, RagnarLarsen, Johannes WiikSoreide, Jon ArneJensen, ElisabethGran, MadsAahlin, Eirik KjusGaarder, TinaMonrad-Hansen, Peter WielNaess, Pal AkselLauzikas, GiedriusWiborg, JoachimHolte, SiljeAugestad, Knut MagneBanipal, Gurpreet SinghMonteleone, MichelaMoe, Thomas TetensSchultz, Johannes KurtAl-taher, TaherHamdan, AyahSalman, AymanSaadeh, RanaMusleh, AseelJaradat, DanaAbushamleh, SohaHanoun, SakhaaAbu Qumbos, AmjadHamarshi, AseelTaher, AymanQawasmi, IsraaQurie, KhalidAltarayra, MarwaGhannam, MohammadShaheen, AlaaHerebat, AzherAbdelhaq, AramShalabi, AhmadAbu-toyour, MaramAsi, FatemaShamasneh, AlaAtiyeh, AnwarMustafa, MousaZaa'treh, RulaDabboor, MajdAlaloul, EnasBaraka, HebaMeqbil, JehadAl-Buhaisi, AlaaElshami, MohamedraedAfana, SamahJaber, SaharAlyacoubi, SaidAbuowda, YousefIdress, TasneemAbuqwaider, EmanAl-saqqa, SaraBowabsak, AlaaEl Jamassi, AlaaHasanain, DoaaAl-farram, HadeelSalah, MaramFirwana, AyaHamdan, MarwaAwad, IsraaAshour, AhmadAl Barraw, Fayez ElianAl-khatib, AhmedAl-faqawi, MahaFares, MohamedElmashala, AmjadAdawi, MohammadAdawi, IhdaaKhreishi, ReemKhreishi, RoseAshour, AhmadGhaben, AhedNadeem, NajwaSaqlain, MuhammadAbbasy, JibranAlvi, Abdul RehmanGala, TanzeelaShahzad, NomanBhopal, Kamran FaisalIftikhar, ZainabButt, Muhammad Talhaul Razi, Syed AsaatAhmed, AsdaqNiazi, Ali KhanRaza, IbrahimBaluch, FatimaRaza, AhmedBani-Sadar, AhmadQureshi, Ahmad UzairAdil, MuhammadRaza, AwaisJavaid, MahnoorWaqar, MuhammadKhan, Maryam AliArshad, Mohammad MohsinAmjad, MohammadasimMachain Vega, Gustavo MiguelTorres Cardozo, JorgeO'Higgins Roche, MarceloPertersen Servin, Gustavo RodolfoSegovia Lohse, Helmut AlfredoPaez Lopez, Larissa InesMelo Cardozo, Ramon AugustoEspinoza, FernandoPerez Rojas, Angel DavidSanchez, DianaSanchez Samaniego, CamilaGuevara Torres, ShalonCanta Calua, AlexanderRazuri, CesarOrtiz, NadiaRodriguez, XianelleCarrasco, NahiliaSaravia, FridizMiyasato, Hector ShibaoValcarcel-Saldana, MariaAlejos Bermudez, Ysabel EsthefanyCarpio, JuanRuiz Panez, WalterToribio Orbegozo, Pedro AngelGuzman Duenas, CarolinaTurpo Espinoza, KevinSandoval Barrantes, Ana MariaChungui Bravo, Jorge ArmandoShu, SebastianFuentes-Rivera, LorenaFernandez, CarmenRomani, DiegoMalaga, BarbaraYe, JoselynVelasquez, RicardoSalcedo, JanninLucia Contreras-Vergara, AnaVergara Mejia, Angelica GenovevaGonzales Montejo, Maria SoledadEscalante Salas, Marilia Del CarmenAlcca Ticona, WillyVargas, MarvinManrique Sila, George ChristianMas, Robinsondel Pilar Paucar, ArazzellyRoman Velasquez, Armando JoseRobledo-Rabanal, AlinaZeta Solis, Ludwing AlexanderTurpo Espinoza, KennyHamasaki Hamaguchi, Jose LuisFlorez Farfan, Erick SamuelMadrid Barrientos, Linda AlviHerrera Matta, Juan JaimeMora, John Jemuel V.Redota, Menold Archee P.Francisco Roxas, ManuelMano, Maria Jesusa B.Dione Parreno-Sacdalan, MarieCarmela Lapitan, MarieLeanne Almanon, ChristelWaledziak, MaciejRoszkowski, RafalJanik, MichalLasek, AnnaMajor, PiotrRadkowiak, DorotaRubinkiewicz, MateuszFernandes, CristinaCosta-Maia, JoseMelo, RenatoMuntean, LiviuMironescu, Aurel SanduVida, Lucian CorneliuKourdouli, AmarPopa, MariucaMircea, HogeaVartic, MihaelaDiaconescu, BogdanBratu, Matei RazvanNegoi, IonutBeuran, MirceaCiubotaru, CezarIngabire, J. C. AllenMutabazi, Alphonse ZetaUzabumwana, NorbertJovine, ElioZanini, NicolaLandolfo, GiovanniAljiffry, MuradIdris, FaisalAlghamdi, Mohammed Saleh A.Maghrabi, AshrafAltaf, AbdulmalikAlkaaki, AroubKhoja, AhmadNawawi, AbrarTurkustani, SondosKhalifah, EyadGudal, AhmadAlbiety, AdelSahel, SarahAlshareef, RehamNajjar, MohammedAlzahrani, AhmedAlghamdi, AhmedAlhazmi, WedyanAl Saied, GhiathAlamoudi, MohammedRiaz, Muhammed MasoodHassanain, MazenAlhassan, BasmahAltamimi, AbdullahAlyahya, ReemAl Subaie, NorahAl Bastawis, FatemaAltamimi, AfnanNouh, ThamerKhan, RoaaRadojkovic, MilanJeremic, LjiljanaNestorovic, MilicaLaw, Jia HaoTan, Keith Say KwangTan, Ryan Choon KiatTan, Joel KinJoel, Lau Wen LiangLieske, BettinaChan, Xue WeiLeong, Faith Qi HuiChong, Choon SengKoh, SharonLee, Kai YinLee, Kuok ChungPluke, KentDedekind, BrittaNashidengo, PuyearashidHampton, Mark IanJoosten, JohannaSobnach, SanjuRoodt, LianaSander, AnthonyPape, JamesSpence, RichardMaistry, NiveshniNdwambi, PhumudzoKinandu, KamauTun, MyintDu Toit, FrederickEllison, QuinnBurger, SuleGrobler, D. C.Khulu, Lawrence BonganiMoore, RachelJennings, VickyLeusink, AstridKariem, NazmieGouws, JuanChu, KathrynBougard, HeatherNoor, FazlinDell, AngelaRayne, SarahVan Straten, StephanieKhamajeet, ArvinTshisola, Serge KapendaKabongo, KalanguKong, VictorMoodley, YoshanAnderson, FrankMadiba, Thandinkosidu Plooy, FlipHartford, LeilaChilton, GarethKarjiker, ParveenMabitsela, Matlou ErnestNdlovu, Sibongile RuthBadicel, MariaJaich, RobertRuiz-Tova, JaimeGarcia-Florez, LuisOtero-Diez, Jorge L.Ramos Perez, VirginiaAguado Suarez, NuriaMinguez Garcia, JavierCorral Moreno, SaraVicenta Collado, MariaJimenez Carneros, VirginiaGarcia Septiem, JavierGonzalez, MarianaPicardo, AntonioGonzalez, MarianaPicardo, AntonioEsteban, EnriqueFerrero, EstherOrtega, IreneEspin-Basany, EloyBlanco-Colino, RuthAndriola, ValeriaSolar Garcia, LorenaContreras, ElisaGarcia Bernardo, CarmenPagnozz, JanetSanz, SandraMiyar de Leon, AlbertoDorisme, AsnelRodicio, JoseluisSuarez, AidaStuva, JessicaDiaz Vico, TamaraFernandez-Vega, LauraSoldevila-Verdeguer, CarlaSena-Ruiz, FatimaPujol-Cano, NataliaDiaz-Jover, PaulaMaria Garcia-Perez, JoseJose Segura-Sampedro, JuanPineno-Flores, CristinaAmbrona-Zafra, DavidCraus-Miguel, AndreaJimenez-Morillas, PatriciaMazzella, AngelaJayathilake, A. B.Thalgaspitiya, S. P. B.Wijayarathna, L. S.Wimalge, P. M. S. N.Sanni, Hakeem AyomiNdajiwo, AliyuOkenabirhie, OgheneochukoHomeida, AnmarYounis, AbobakerOmer, Omer AbdelbagiAbdulaziz, MustafaMussad, AliAdam, AliCengiz, YucelBjorklund, IdaAhlqvist, SandraAhlqvist, SandraThorell, AndersWogensen, FredrikSokratous, ArestisBreistrand, MichaelaThorarinsdottir, HildurSigurdadottir, JohannaNikberg, MaziarChabok, AbbasHjertberg, MariaElbe, PeterSaraste, DeborahRutkowski, WiktorForlin, LouiseNiska, KaroliinaSund, MalinOswald, DennisPeros, GeorgiosBluelle, RafaelReinisch, KatharinaFrey, DanielPalma, AdrianRaptis, Dimitri AristotleZumbuhl, LuciusZuber, MarkusSchmid, RogerWerder, GabrielaNocito, AntonioGerosa, AlexandraMahanty, SilkeWidmer, Lukas WernerMueller, JuliaGubeli, AlissaZuk, GrzegorzGulcicek, Osman BilginAltinel, YukselVartanoglu, TalarKose, EminKarahan, Servet RustuAydin, Mehmet CanSahbaz, Nuri AlperHalicioglu, IlkayAlis, HalilSapci, IpekAdiyaman, CanPektas, Ahmet MuratCengiz, Turgut BoraTansoker, IlkanIsler, VedatcanCevik, MuazzezMutlu, DenizOzben, VolkanOzmen, Berk BarisBayram, SefaYolcu, SinemKobal, Berna BuseToto, Omer FarukCakaloglu, Haluk CemKarabulut, KaganMutlu, VahitOzkan, Bahar BusraCelik, SabanSemiz, AnilBodur, SelimGul, EnisburakMurutoglu, BusraYildirim, ReyyanBaki, Bahadir EmreArslan, EkinGuner, AliTomas, KadirWalker, NathanShrimanker, NikhitaStoddart, MichaelCole, SimonBreslin, RyanSrinivasan, RaviElshaer, MohamedHunter, KristinaAl-Bahrani, AhmedLiew, IgnatiusMairs, Nora GraceRocke, AlistairDick, LachlanQureshi, MobeenChowdhury, DebkumarWright, NaomiSkerritt, ClareKufeji, DorothyHo, AdrienneDissanayake, TharindraTennakoon, AthulaAli, WadahLim, Shujing JaneTan, CharleneO'Neill, StephenJones, CatrinKnight, StephenNassif, DimaSharma, AbhishekWarren, OliverWhite, RebeccaMehdi, AiaPost, NathanKalakouti, ElianaDashnyam, EnkhbatStourton, FrederickMykoniatis, IoannisCurrow, CheliseWong, FranciscaGupta, AshishShatkar, VeerannaLuck, JoshuaKadiwar, SurajSmedley, AlexanderWakefield, RebeccaHerrod, PhilipBlackwell, JamesLund, JonathanCohen, FraserBandi, AshwathGiuliani, StefanoBond-Smith, GilesPezas, TheodoreFarhangmehr, NedaUrbonas, TomasPerenyei, MiklosIreland, PhilipBlencowe, NatalieBowling, KirkBunting, DavidLongstaff, LydiaSmart, NeilKeogh, KennethJeon, HyunjinIqbal, Muhammad RafaihKhosla, ShivunJeffery, AnnaPerera, JamesTeasdale, EllaIbrahem, Ahmad AboelkassemAlhammali, TariqSalama, YahyaKabariti, RakanOram, ShaunKidd, ThomasCullen, FraserOwen, ChristopherWilson, MichaelChiu, SeehuiSarafilovic, HannahPloski, JenniferEvans, ElizabethAbbas, AtharKamya, SylviaIshak, NorzawaniBisset, CarlyAndress, CedarChin, Ye RuPatel, PriyaEvans, DavidJeffery, AnnaPerera, JamesHaslegrave, AidanBoggon, AdamLaurie, KirstenConnor, KatieMann, ThomasNepogodiev, DmitriMansuri, AnahitaDavies, RachelGriffiths, EwenShahbaz, Aized RazaEng, CalvinDin, FarhatL'Heveder, AriadnePark, Esther H. G.Ravishankar, RamanishMcIntosh, KirstenYau, Jih DarChan, LukeMcGarvie, SusanTang, LingshanLim, HuiYap, SuhhueyPark, JayNg, Zhan HerrMirza, ShahrukhAng, Yun LinWalls, LukeTeasdale, EllaRoy, ChloePaterson-Brown, SimonCamilleri-Brennan, JulianMclean, KennethD'Souza, Michelle S.Pronin, SavvaHenshall, David EwartTer, Eunice ZulingFouad, DinaMinocha, AshishEnglish, WilliamMorgan, CatrinTownsend, DominicMaciejec, LauraMahdi, ShareefAkpenyi, OnyinyeHall, ElisabethCaydiid, HanaanRob, ZakariaAbbott, TomTorrance, Hew D.Irwin, GarethJohnston, RobinGani, Mohammed AkilGravante, GianpieroRajmohan, ShivanchanMajid, KiranDindyal, ShivaSmith, ChristopherPalliyil, MadanmohanPatel, SanjayNicholson, LukeHarvey, NeilBaillie, KatieShillito, SamKershaw, SuzanneBamford, RebeccaOrton, PeterReunis, ElkeTyler, RobertSoon, Wai CheongJama, Guled M.Dhillon, DharminderPatel, KhyatiNanthakumaran, ShayanthanHeard, RachelChen, Kar YanBarmayehvar, BehradDatta, UttaranKamarajah, Sivesh K.Karandikar, SharadTani, Sobhana IftekharMonaghan, EimearDonnelly, PhilippaWalker, MichaelParakh, JehangirshawBlacker, SarahKaul, AnilParamasivan, ArjunFarag, SamehNessa, AshrafunAwadallah, SalwaLim, JieqiNg, James Chean KhunGash, KatherineKiran, Ravi P.Murray, AliceEtchill, EricDasari, MohiniPuyana, JuanHaddad, NadeemZielinski, MartinChoudhry, AsadCaliman, CelesteBeamon, MieshiaDuane, ThereseNarayanan, RagavanSwaroop, MamtaMyers, JonathanDeal, RebeccaSchadde, ErikHemmila, MarkNapolitano, LenaTo, KathleenMakupe, AlexMusowoya, JosephMaimbo, MayabaVan Der Naald, NielsKumwenda, DaysonReece-Smith, AlexOtten, KarsVerbeek, AnnaPrins, MarloesBaquero Suarez, Alibeth AndresBalmaceda, RubenDeane, ChelseaDijan, EmilioElfiky, MahmoudKoskenvuo, LauraThollot, AuroreLimoges, BernardCapito, CarmenAlexandre, ChallineKotobi, HenriLeroux, JulienRod, JulienPinnagoda, KalithaHenric, NicolasAzzis, OlivierRosello, OlivierFrancois, PoddevinEtienne, SaraBuisson, PhilippeHmila, SophianClegg-Lamptey, Joe-NatImoro, OsmanAbem, Owusu EmmanuelWondoh, PaulPapageorgiou, DimitriosSoulou, VasilikiAsturias, SabrinaPena, LeninKumar, BasantO'Connor, Donal B.Luc, Alberto RealisRusso, Alfio AlessandroRuzzenente, AndreaTaddei, AntonioCona, CamillaBottini, CorradoPascale, GiovanniRotunno, GiuseppeSolaini, LeonardoPascale, Marco MariaNotarnicola, MargheritaCorbellino, MarioSacco, MicheleUbiali, PaoloCautiero, RobertoBocchetti, TommasoMuzio, ElenaGuglielmo, VaniaMorandi, EugenioMao, PatrizioDe Luca, EmiliaNotarnicola, MargheritaMahmoud, FarahZilinskas, JustasStrupas, KestutisKondrotas, PauliusBaltrunas, RobertasKutkevicius, JuozasIgnatavicius, PovilasTan, Choy LingSiaw, Jia YngYam, Sir YoungWilson, LingAziz, Mohamed Rezal AbdulBondin, JohnDiaz Zorrilla, CarminaMajbar, AnassSale, DanjumaAbdullahi, LawalOsagie, OlabisiFaboya, OmolaraFatuga, AdedejiTaiwo, AgboolaNwabuoku, EmekaBliksoen, MarteKhan, Zain AliCoronel, JazminMiranda, CesarVasquez, IdelsoHelguero-Santin, Luis M.Rickard, JenniferMironescu, AurelAdedeji, AdesinaAlqahtani, SalehRath, MaxVan Niekerk, MichaelKoto, Modise ZachariaMatos-Puig, RoelIsraelsson, LeifSchuetz, TobiasYuksek, Mahmut ArifMericliler, MericUlusahin, MehmetWolf, BernhardFairfield, CameronYong, Guo LiangWhitehurst, KatharineWilson, MichaelRedgrave, NatalieMusyoka, Caroluce K.Olivier, JamesLee, KathrynCox, MichaelFarhan-Alanie, Muhamed M. H.Callan, RoryChibuye, ChaliAli, Tebian Hassanein AhmedRekhis, SyrineRommaneh, MunaHalhouli, OdaySam, Zi HaoIsmail, LawaniKalles, VasileiosPata, FrancescoNita, Gabriela ElisaCoccolini, FedericoAnsaloni, LucaPugliesi, Thays BrunelliPardo, GabrielBlanco, RuthCollaborative, GlobalSurg2023-02-212023-02-212018-01-0110.1016/S1473-3099(18)30101-4https://hdl.handle.net/11443/2893http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30101-4Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, number NCT02662231. Findings Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58.5\%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31.2\%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (1.2\%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12.3\%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 {[}9.4\%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 {[}14.0\%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 {[}23.2\%] of 1282) HDI (p<0.001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 {[}17.8\%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries74 {[}31.4\%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries72 {[}39.8\%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1.60, 95\% credible interval 1.05-2.37p=0.030). 132 (21.6\%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16.6\%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19.8\%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35.9\%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p< 0.001). Interpretation Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication.ArticleWOS:000430569700035