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Assessing heavy metal levels in pediatric enteral nutrition formulas available in the Turkish market: Implications for consumer health

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dc.contributor.authorIsci, Gursel
dc.contributor.authorOrucoglu, Betul
dc.contributor.authorEkici, Merve
dc.date.accessioned2026-11-05T11:03:50Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractIn this study, we assessed the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and inorganic arsenic (iAs) in 27 pediatric enteral nutrition (EN) formulas from five international brands available in the Turkish market. Analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment was performed using hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), carcinogenic risk (CR), Toxicological contribution % of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) models. Our objective was to evaluate heavy metal exposure in EN formulas, specifically focusing on Cd, Pb, iAs, and Hg levels according to recommended amounts for different age groups based on their energy requirements. Average concentrations of iAs in polymeric (PC), oligomeric (OC), and monomeric (MC) EN formulas were as follows: PC: 2.13 +/- 0.16 (
dc.description.pages114037
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research received support from the Scientific Research Projects Commission at Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University under grant number: 22.GENEL.045.
dc.description.volume180
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.fct.2023.114037
dc.identifier.issn0278-6915
dc.identifier.issn1873-6351
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2023.114037
dc.identifier.urihttps://openaccess.acibadem.edu.tr/handle/11443/11114
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001084454900001
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
dc.relation.fundingScientific Research Projects Commission at Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University
dc.relation.fundingScientific Research Projects Commission at Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University [22.GENEL.045]
dc.relation.hasversion10.1016/j.fct.2023.114037
dc.relation.ispartofFOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
dc.subjectEnteral nutrition formula
dc.subjectHealth risk assessment
dc.subjectHeavy metal
dc.subjectCarcinogenic risk
dc.subjectHazard quotient
dc.subjectINFANT FORMULAS
dc.subjectDIETARY-INTAKE
dc.subjectLEAD CONTENT
dc.subjectFOOD
dc.subjectMALNUTRITION
dc.subjectCADMIUM
dc.subjectMILK
dc.subjectELEMENTS
dc.subjectRICE
dc.subjectRISK
dc.subjectFood Science & Technology
dc.subjectToxicology
dc.titleAssessing heavy metal levels in pediatric enteral nutrition formulas available in the Turkish market: Implications for consumer health
dc.typeArticle
oaire.citation.editionScience Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)
oaire.citation.volume180
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-1414-0584
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-0613-5972
person.identifier.ridJHS-7890-2023
person.identifier.ridJNE-9236-2023
person.identifier.ridKBB-0887-2024

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