Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of metal nanoparticles with green method using apple industry waste

Abstract

Apple is one of the four most produced fruits in the world. The remaining pulp from production accounts for over 25 % of the processed fruit. Apple pulp and peel contain phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, making them a potential candidate for green nanoparticle synthesis. Green synthesis refers to the production of nanoparticles through a process that utilizes a natural molecule and metal salts as reducing agents. In this study, metal nanoparticles were synthesized using an extract prepared from apple pomace waste via green synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Raman, optical microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscope. The antibacterial, antibiofilm, antiquorum sensing, and anticancer activities of the synthesized nanoparticles were then investigated. According to the antibacterial activity results, the best activity was seen with silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 with 15.625 mu g/mL. Similarly, the best antibiofilm activity was seen with silver nanoparticles. However, significant biofilm inhibition was seen with zinc nanoparticles, tin nanoparticles, and cobalt nanoparticles at higher concentrations. Anticancer activity was studied in six different cell lines: HCT-116 and SW480 colon cancer cell lines, A549 and H1975 lung cancer cell lines, and A2780 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cell lines. The best activity was shown with nickel nanoparticles.