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    Azathioprine as a Neuroprotective Agent in Experimental Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
    (TURKISH NEUROSURGICAL SOC, 2021-01-01) Bahadir, Sinan; Onal, Mehmet Bulent; Narin, Firat; Basar, Ibrahim; Yigitkanli, Kazim; Bavbek, Murad; Ziyal, Mustafa Ibrahim
    AIM: To evaluate the protective effects of azathioprine, a macrophage-inhibiting agent, on secondary injury in spinal cord trauma. MATERIAL and METHODS: A total of 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. All the animals had undergone T8-10 laminectomy. Except in group I (control), all the animals were exposed to spinal cord trauma at the T9 level. Animals in group II (trauma) received no treatment following trauma. Animals in group 3 (treatment) and group IV (vehicle) were given intraperitoneal azathioprine 4 mg/kg and saline 2 ml, respectively, 30 minutes after the trauma. Half of the animals in each group were sacrificed 24 hours after injury and specimens were used for biochemical and immunohistochemical evaluations. The rest of the animals were followed-up for 4 weeks in terms of neurological functions and were also sacrificed to perform the histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Significant decrease in apoptotic cells and improved neurological function were observed in the animals treated with azathioprine. Biological and immunohistochemical analysis also showed less oxidative stress in this group compared to those without treatment. CONCLUSION: Azathioprine, a potent macrophage-inhibiting agent, has been shown to decrease the extent of secondary injury following spinal cord trauma.
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    Effects of Ozone on Spinal Cord Recovery via the Wnt/beta-Catenin Pathway Following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
    (TURKISH NEUROSURGICAL SOC, 2017-01-01) Tural Emon, Selin; Uslu, Serap; Ilgaz Aydinlar, Elif; Irban, Arzu; Ince, Umit; Orakdogen, Metin; Gulec Suyen, Guldal
    AIM: At the cellular level, spinal cord injury (SCI) provokes an inflammatory response that generates substantial secondary damage within the spinal cord but may also contribute to its repair. Besides intracellular antioxydant increase after exactly estimated oxidative stress
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    Evaluation of the Efficacy of SiIdenafil Citrate Following Severe Head Trauma in an Experimental Rat Model
    (TURKISH NEUROSURGICAL SOC, 2020-01-01) Kilicarslan, Bilal; Kilicarslan, Emel; Kizmazoglu, Ceren; Aydin, Hasan Emre; Kaya, Ismail; Danyeli, Ayca Ersen; Karabekir, Hamit Selim
    AIM: To investigate the acute effects of sildenafil citrate in an experimental model of severe head trauma, and to compare it with the efficacy of mannitol, which is an osmotically active agent frequently used in clinical treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIAL and METHODS: Twenty-eight Wistar-derived albino strain female rats were randomized into four groups comprising seven rats each. These groups were designated as follows: Group I: sham
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    Neuroprotective Effect of Memantine on Hippocampal Neurons in Infantile Rat Hydrocephalus
    (TURKISH NEUROSURGICAL SOC, 2011-01-01) Cabuk, Burak; Etus, Volkan; Bozkurt, Suheyla Uyar; Sav, Aydin; Ceylan, Savas
    AIM:The effect of memantine administration on hippocampal neurons of the infantile rats with kaolin induced hydrocephalus was investigated. MATERIAL and METHODS: Hydrocephalus was induced by injecting kaolin into the cisterna magna of 3-weeks old Sprague-Dawley rat pups. One group received a single daily dose of 20mg/kg memantine i.p. following hydrocephalus induction for a period of two weeks. By the end of the two-week period, animals were radiologically evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and then sacrificed to get their cerebrums removed. Both immunohistochemical analysis of nitric oxide synthase activity and quantification of spared neurons in CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions of hippocampus were performed. RESULTS: In hydrocephalus-induced rats considerable neuronal loss associated with significantly increased nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity were determined in all hippocampal regions. However, memantine treated rats showed significantly higher number of spared neuron counts and reduced nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in CA1 and CA2 regions compared with the non-treated rats. CONCLUSION:The findings of the study show that hippocampal neurons may constitute important targets for injury secondary to hydrocephalic process in experimental infantile hydrocephalus. Early anti-excitotoxic treatment with memantine seems to have a neuroprotective effect especially in the CA1 and CA2 subunits of the hippocampus.
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    Prevention of Epidural Fibrosis in Rats by Local or Systemic Administration of Citicoline
    (TURKISH NEUROSURGICAL SOC, 2012-01-01) Savran, Mehmet; Bekar, Ahmet; Cansev, Mehmet; Tolunay, Sahsene; Ulus, Ismail Hakki; Taskapilioglu, Mevlut Ozgur
    AIM: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of citicoline administration on epidural fibrosis which is a frequent complication of lumbar disc surgery with no effective treatment or preventive surgical technique. MATERIAL and METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley female rats undergoing L4-5 right hemilaminotomy and annular fenestration were arranged in three groups: rats in Group 1 (control group) and Group 2 (topical citicoline group) were applied 0,9\% saline and 100 mu M citicoline on surgical area, respectively, while rats in Group 3 (systemic citicoline group) received 600 mu mol/kg citicoline intraperitoneally. Rats were sacrificed four weeks later and their vertebral colons were removed en bloc. Groups were evaluated according to histological criteria and results were compared using statistical tools. RESULTS: Compared with control group, significantly less epidural fibrosis, dural adhesion, fibroblast cell density, foreign body reaction, and medulla spinalis retraction were observed in groups treated with topical and systemic citicoline (groups 2 and 3) (p < 0,001). No significant difference was found with regard to measured parameters between two treatment groups (p > 0,05). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates for the first time in the literature that citicoline may be effective for preventing postoperative epidural fibrosis. However, its mechanism of action and clinical effectiveness must be further investigated.