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    Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Indicates That Asymmetric Right Hemispheric Activation in Mental Rotation of a Jigsaw Puzzle Decreases With Task Difficulty
    (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2020-01-01) Mutlu, Murat Can; Erdogan, Sinem Burcu; Ozturk, Ozan Cem; Canbeyli, Resit; Saybasili, Hale
    Mental rotation (MR) is a cognitive skill whose neural dynamics are still a matter of debate as previous neuroimaging studies have produced controversial results. In order to investigate the underlying neurophysiology of MR, hemodynamic responses from the prefrontal cortex of 14 healthy subjects were recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a novel MR task that had three categorical difficulty levels. Hemodynamic activity strength (HAS) parameter, which reflects the ratio of brain activation during the task to the baseline activation level, was used to assess the prefrontal cortex activation localization and strength. Behavioral data indicated that the MR requiring conditions are more difficult than the condition that did not require MR. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was found to be active in all conditions and to be the dominant region in the easiest task while more complex tasks showed widespread bilateral prefrontal activation. A significant increase in left DLPFC activation was observed with increasing task difficulty. Significantly higher right DLPFC activation was observed when the incongruent trials were contrasted against the congruent trials, which implied the possibility of a robust error or conflict-monitoring process during the incongruent trials. Our results showed that the right DLPFC is a core region for the processing of MR tasks regardless of the task complexity and that the left DLPFC is involved to a greater extent with increasing task complexity, which is consistent with the previous neuroimaging literature.
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    Studying Brain Activation during Skill Acquisition via Robot-Assisted Surgery Training
    (MDPI, 2021-01-01) Izzetoglu, Kurtulus; Aksoy, Mehmet Emin; Agrali, Atahan; Kitapcioglu, Dilek; Gungor, Mete; Simsek, Aysun
    Robot-assisted surgery systems are a recent breakthrough in minimally invasive surgeries, offering numerous benefits to both patients and surgeons including, but not limited to, greater visualization of the operation site, greater precision during operation and shorter hospitalization times. Training on robot-assisted surgery (RAS) systems begins with the use of high-fidelity simulators. Hence, the increasing demand of employing RAS systems has led to a rise in using RAS simulators to train medical doctors. The aim of this study was to investigate the brain activity changes elicited during the skill acquisition of resident surgeons by measuring hemodynamic changes from the prefrontal cortex area via a neuroimaging sensor, namely, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twenty-four participants, who are resident medical doctors affiliated with different surgery departments, underwent an RAS simulator training during this study and completed the sponge suturing tasks at three different difficulty levels in two consecutive sessions/blocks. The results reveal that cortical oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex were significantly lower during the second training session (Block 2) compared to the initial training session (Block 1) (p < 0.05).
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    Four-Class Classification of Neuropsychiatric Disorders by Use of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Derived Biomarkers
    (MDPI, 2022-01-01) Erdogan, Sinem Burcu; Yukselen, Gulnaz
    Diagnosis of most neuropsychiatric disorders relies on subjective measures, which makes the reliability of final clinical decisions questionable. The aim of this study was to propose a machine learning-based classification approach for objective diagnosis of three disorders of neuropsychiatric or neurological origin with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) derived biomarkers. Thirteen healthy adolescents and sixty-seven patients who were clinically diagnosed with migraine, obsessive compulsive disorder, or schizophrenia performed a Stroop task, while prefrontal cortex hemodynamics were monitored with fNIRS. Hemodynamic and cognitive features were extracted for training three supervised learning algorithms (naive bayes (NB), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machines (SVM)). The performance of each algorithm in correctly predicting the class of each participant across the four classes was tested with ten runs of a ten-fold cross-validation procedure. All algorithms achieved four-class classification performances with accuracies above 81\% and specificities above 94\%. SVM had the highest performance in terms of accuracy (85.1 +/- 1.77\%), sensitivity (84 +/- 1.7\%), specificity (95 +/- 0.5\%), precision (86 +/- 1.6\%), and F1-score (85 +/- 1.7\%). fNIRS-derived features have no subjective report bias when used for automated classification purposes. The presented methodology might have significant potential for assisting in the objective diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with frontal lobe dysfunction.