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    Evaluation of measles immunity in Turkey: is it still a threat?
    (TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC \& TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2019-01-01) Karaayvaz, Selda; Oguz, Melahat Melek; Beyazova, Ufuk; Korukluoglu, Gulay; Cosgun, Yasemin; Guzelkucuk, Zeliha; Aksakal, Nur Baran; Dagli, Figen Sahin
    Background/aim: Measles is one of the important vaccine-preventable diseases with many complications in childhood. This study presents cross-sectional seroepidemiological data, beginning from neonatal cord blood in infants to children under 6 years of age, about waning of measles antibody and tries to suggest the proper time for measles immunization. Materials and methods: A total of 564 blood samples consisting of neonatal cord blood and samples taken from infants and children at ages of 6, 9, 24-48, and 49-72 months were analyzed for measles seropositivity in a period of 6 months. Results: Measles seropositivity rate was 72.5\% in 109 cord blood samples, 2.6\% in 117 infants of 6 months of age, and 3.6\% in 111 infants of 9 months of age. Seropositivity was determined in 118 children at 24-48 months and in 109 children at 49-72 months and was 80.5\% and 66\%, respectively (P = 0.001). These children were vaccinated in the 12th month. Conclusion: Though measles immunization coverage is 97\% in Turkey, population immunity is somewhat lower than expected. Increases of measles cases in Europe and the refugee problem in the country could easily lead to outbreaks. Implementing the first dose of the immunization at 9 months may be an option.
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    Oncolytic Virus Therapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme Concepts and Candidates
    (LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS \& WILKINS, 2012-01-01) Wollmann, Guido; Ozduman, Koray; van den Pol, Anthony N.
    Twenty years of oncolytic virus development have created a field that is driven by the potential promise of lasting impact on our cancer treatment repertoire. With the field constantly expanding-more than 20 viruses have been recognized as potential oncolytic viruses-new virus candidates continue to emerge even as established viruses reach clinical trials. They all share the defining commonalities of selective replication in tumors, subsequent tumor cell lysis, and dispersion within the tumor. Members from diverse virus classes with distinctly different biologies and host species have been identified. Of these viruses, 15 have been tested on human glioblastoma multiforme. So far, 20 clinical trials have been conducted or initiated using attenuated strains of 7 different oncolytic viruses against glioblastoma multiforme. In this review, we present an overview of viruses that have been developed or considered for glioblastoma multiforme treatment. We outline the principles of tumor targeting and selective viral replication, which include mechanisms of tumor-selective binding, and molecular elements usurping cellular biosynthetic machinery in transformed cells. Results from clinical trials have clearly established the proof of concept and have confirmed the general safety of oncolytic virus application in the brain. The moderate clinical efficacy has not yet matched the promising preclinical lab results