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Item The triangle between the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments: an arthroscopic anatomy study(TURKISH ASSOC ORTHOPAEDICS TRAUMATOLOGY, 2015-01-01) Kaya, Alper; Koken, Murat; Akan, Burak; Karaguven, Doga; Guclu, BerkObjective: The goal of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is to place the graft in closest proximity to the native ACL anatomy. This study aims to examine the angular relation between intact anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL) from an arthroscopic perspective. Methods: Forty patients (20 male, 20 female) with a mean age of 35.12 (range: 18-40) years that underwent knee arthroscopy for reasons other than ACL rupture were included in the study. Following diagnostic examination and repair of the primary pathology, the triangle between ACL and PCL was seen at different flexion degrees of the knee joint (120, 90, 60, and 30 degrees) through standard anterolateral (AL) and anteromedial (AM) portals. The narrow top angle of the triangle between the long intersecting axes of ACL and PCL was measured using recorded images by 3 blind observers. Results: The average ACL-PCL angle was 61 degrees, (standard deviation +/- 2 degrees) at 90 degrees of knee flexion. The angles were narrower when viewed through the AM portal. The degree of the angles was not affected by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), or the side (right or left) on which the procedure was performed. There was good-to-excellent intra-and interobserver reliability. Conclusion: The angular relation between intact ACL and PCL has the potential to provide a better view of the anatomy during arthroscopic ACL surgery. To perform better anatomic reconstructions, it is important to create a 60 degrees angle between the ACL graft and PCL (as viewed through AL portal) at 90 degrees of knee flexion.Item Morphologic Characteristics of Meniscofemoral Ligaments(ORTADOGU AD PRES \& PUBL CO, 2011-01-01) Sozmen, Aycan Guclu; Yalin, Aymelek; Uzun, Ibrahim; Sehirli, Umit SuleymanObjective: The aim of this study was to describe the presence, lengths, widths, attachment sites, course of the fibers, histological properties and the sizes of the attachment sites of the meniscofemoral ligaments to the lateral meniscus. Material and Methods: Forty fresh frozen knees obtained from 22 human cadavers were examined. The knee was dissected by posterior approach and the anterior and posterior meniscofemoral and posterior cruciate ligaments were measured after exposing them. The sections of ligaments were stained with the Mason trichrome stain and under light microscope. Results: At least one of the meniscofemoral ligaments was present in 37 (92.5\%) cases. Twenty (50\%) were anterior meniscofemoral ligaments and 24(60\%) were posterior. In seven cases (17.5\%) both anterior and posterior meniscofemoral ligaments were present. The oblique fibers of the posterior cruciate ligament were observed in 11 (27.5\%) cases. A separating membrane between the meniscofemoral ligaments and the posterior cruciate ligament was observed. The mean lengths of the posterior and anterior meniscofemoral ligaments were 23.82 +/- 1.51 mm and 21.55 +/- 0.97 mm, respectively. The mean widths of the anterior and posterior meniscofemoral ligaments were 3.43 +/- 0.57 mm and 4.09 +/- 0.77 mm, respectively. The mean lengths of the attachment sites of posterior and anterior meniscofemoral ligaments to lateral meniscus were 11.30 +/- 1.85 mm and 6.19 +/- 1.23 mm respectively and the mean widths were 3.39 +/- 0.92 mm and 4.88 +/- 0.96 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Details concerning the dimensions and histological properties of the meniscofemoral ligaments, their relation to the posterior cruciate ligament and lateral meniscus will contribute to a clear understanding of the biomechanics of the knee as well as the radiologic diagnosis and the treatment of knee problems.